Urine Testing
Urine provides clues about kidneys, hydration, infection, and metabolic stress—and is highly timing-dependent.
- Hydration and collection timing change results
- Protein: kidney filtering stress
- Blood: irritation, infection, stones, or contamination
- Specific gravity: hydration status
- Ketones: fasting/illness/energy balance
Good to know
- Snapshot—interpret with hydration, timing, and possible contamination (including menstruation)
PRISM is for learning, not diagnosing. It explains what tests measure and how clinicians reason — it never tells you what to conclude, and it doesn't replace your doctor.